Dispute Settlement in Bilateral Investment Treaties - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2852 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? DISPUTE SETTLEMENT IN BILATERAL INVESTMENT TREATIES PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW Dispute Settlement In Bilateral Investment Treaties Introduction Foreign Investment plays an important role in economic development. Mostly developing countries want to encourage foreign investment. When foreign investor invests in a host country, he faces many risks some of which include: Unlawful expropriation of investment, currency transfer restrictions in host country, host nation treating national investor more favourably than the international investor. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Dispute Settlement in Bilateral Investment Treaties" essay for you Create order Such problems could affect the international investment relations. To resolve such conflicts there needs to be an international investment law. Since such a law is still in its development, Bilateral Investment Treaties serve as a source of International Investment Law. The Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) is a useful tool in creating a friendly environment for companies seeking to invest or do business in foreign countries. Since the late 1980s, BITs have come to be universally accepted instruments for the promotion and legal protection of foreign investments. The treaties, which aim to encourage foreign investment, provide investors with rights against states and state authorities that damage investment projects by, for example, breaking agreements, applying discriminatory regulations, revoking essential licenses or confiscating property. A BIT exists between two states and establishes a legal framework for the treatment of investment flows between the two nations. The parties to a claim under such a treaty are an investor of one state party (known as the investors home state) and the state where the particular investment was made. In the present article I will make an attempt to identify and interpret the aim and impact of BIT on international investment law, the procedural issues arising in such disputes and specifically focusing on dispute settlement in Indian BITs Origin and Aim of BIT As a major source of international investment law, bilateral investment provides a safe and neutral foreign investment.[1] other words, they address the security risks mentioned earlier. Most bilateral There is a standard mode, contains definitions for the terms of investors, investment, expropriation clause, and investment promotion and protection of investments and investment settlement disputes.[2] treatment are mutually transferred. Bits can be regarded as the Friendship Commerce and Navigation (FCN) Treaty successor. In particular, the United States sig ned FCNs and many European countries, such as France, Italy and Latin American countries to protect and promote legal trade relations and security of international legal standards for each other.[3] under those treaties. However, they did not include the issue of investment. Therefore, the European countries began to enter into bilateral and developing countries. The first modern BIT is signed between Germany and Pakistan in 1959.[4] Bilateral longer just export of capital and capital input reached between the country; a growing number of bilateral agreement between developing countries themselves. Bilateral investment treaties of international investment relations play an increasingly important role in all over the world, including South-South cooperation. Rapid increase in the 1990s saw the number of bits, and at the end of the decade, the universe of these treaties seem markedly different. Number of treaties quadrupled, rising from 385 in the late 1980s to 1857, in the late 19 90s. The end of 1999, out of the total 1,857 bits, 40 percent is developed and developing countries (and at the end of 1989 was 68%) among developing countries (compared with 10% in the end of 1989) 26 %, and the Central Eastern European countries between developing countries and developed countries in Central and Eastern European countries (compared to 13% at the end of 1989) of 15% and 6% (at the end of 1989 to 6%) 14 % Eastern European countries (no at the end of 1989)[5] currently only a few (11) developed bilateral investment relations between developed countries under the auspices of the reasons by some word processing by the OECD, which is all countries belong.[6] The basic elements of bilateral investment treaties, including its objectives, format and broad basic principles have not changed much over the years. Its main provisions typically deal with the scope and definition of foreign investment (in most cases, including tangible and intangible assets, direct and port folio investments, and existing and new investments); admission of investments; national and most-favored-nation treatment; fair and equitable treatment; guarantees and compensation for expropriation and compensation related to war and civil strife; guarantee funds, free transfer of capital and profit repatriation; subrogation of insurance claims; provisions and dispute settlement mechanisms, both national and State and investors in the country. In addition, some bilateral including transparency of relevant national laws and regulations; performance requirements; entry and residence of foreigners; general exceptions; people entering and establishing and extending national and MFN investments. Within these broad themes, on the specific content of BIT provisions vary widely, even By signing bilateral same country, reflecting the different approaches, as well as between the bargaining position. Over the years, with the development of the practice in some of the provisions of bilater al already tend to be more detailed. Modern bilateral retain a broad uniformity requirement. Almost all of the bilateral investment treaty covers four substantive areas: admission, treatment, collection and resolve disputes. The relevant provisions of the dispute between the parties, one of the investors and have treated other nationalities, most bits provide investment-related dispute between the United States and other countries nationals (ICSID Convention) settlement of international arbitration provisions of the Convention entered into force in 1966 Effect of bilateral international investment law The subject matter of improving bilateral international investment law and the protection of international law in two ways- shareholders.[7] International law does not recognize private corporate entities and international themes, but bit to change that. Through bilateral private companies and investors can sue the host country. Therefore, these bits as an important investor-S tate dispute settlement provisions. Bit has played an important role in regional and multilateral negotiations source treaty. For example, the impact of the World Bank Groups bilateral guidelines for the treatment of foreign direct investment, by September 1992 by the World Bank Development Committee and the Joint Ministerial IMF.[8] additional embodiments, the North American Free Trade Agreement (Chapter 11) provides Similar provisions line with most bilateral Conflicts of jurisdiction As investors worried about the dispute settlement mechanism of the potential risks of international investment agreements lead to an international dispute settlement mechanism, under the instigation of investors, despite the possibility of the existence of an investment contract between the investor and the host countrys internal forum clause. Such a clause may be specified for breach of contract dispute investment, the two sides should be based on domestic dispute settlement mechanism to re solve. Among them, the breach of such a contract is the problem, some recent ICSID tribunal held its requirements based on internal forum clause the pursuit of liquidated damages domestic dispute settlement procedures, does not preclude the use of a -State investors IIA dispute settlement mechanism. This is so, even if the alleged breach of contract is the central part of the host defense to establish a violation of investment protection obligations treaty.[9] Reasons behind these cases is that the national forum clause relates to breach of contract only and investors with claims related to the violation of the treaty country itself as an independent international legal obligations. Therefore, such a provision should not stand in violation of international obligations of legal claims in the international arena. This can be seen as a potential drawback to the host country, because it might be removed from the right that seems to be the domestic forum, its first pure contract dis putes. On the other hand, the same specious to argue that the purpose of protecting effect if the national forum clause prohibiting any action to host international challenges, IIA will be in and, to a considerable disadvantage of investors. It is this possibility has prompted the recent ICSID tribunal to assume the position of the actual scope of the above such provisions. An important issue in this case relates to a so-called umbrella clause. IIA obligation to respect the terms of the contract or any other form of investment, investment agreements and commitments or obligations between the host country. The effect of this provision is a violation of applicable investment contract constitutes a breach of the IIA. However, in the case of these provisions, the law is not uniform, has caused some uncertainty, the exact scope of these provisions. On the other hand, the umbrella terms arise out of some historical precedent for people to define their goals and purpose is to protect it self extends to disputes in the determination of the alleged breach of the IIA Host investment contracts (Sinclair, 2004). Thus, by the International Court of Arbitration of this explanation seems umbrella clause with its main goal is the same. In a recent decision, the Court has generally followed widespread impact umbrella treaty approach. However, in April 2005 decision (company Impregilo SpA v. Islamic Republic of Pakistan),[10] the court to limit its treaty jurisdiction involving the State itself, rather than the state-owned entity debt contract claim. In a recent case, the Union Groupement LESI DIPENTA V Algeria,[11] the court emphasized that the former treaty-based court, the contract must also constitute a violation of the treaty claims standard itself. In the absence of clear rules, umbrellas, breach of the host country can be used as the basis of another investor claims. Such claims are usually not directly processed by the investor state arbitration. On the con trary, one for a potential breach of the facts and the result has been met in terms of research and in BIT standard obligations. Accordingly, breach of contract issue has been raised as part of the background of the general levy, national treatment and fair and equitable treatment claims. Also involved in the so-called fork in the road use regulations may occur in international investment agreements. These select the forum clause requiring foreign investors to choose whether it is time to resolve a dispute forum domestic or international disputes. These provisions are specifically designed to prevent a set of facts multiple forums. However, the fork in the road driving requirement may not rule out the risk of shareholder initiated BIT arbitration to protect its rights, and investment (ie subsidiaries) launched a family dispute, in order to protect its contractual or other legal rights, including those arising from the IIA . In the face of such facts, several arbitration award has explained, fork in the road with provisions will result in loss of access to international arbitration only in domestic courts or administrative tribunals of the dispute, the parties are the same international disputes and litigation parties. In reaching this conclusion the ICSID tribunal may be a little to the fact that foreign investors may not be able to avoid being involved in a local program on investment. The host country may need to take defensive approach investors domestic law, such as the proposed regulatory administrative appeal against the ruling, or legal action to challenge the decision in a very short time where to start. In this case, it may be difficult for investors act as a free select the forum is denied the possibility of violations of international level on the part of the host country in the IIA are obliged to take any action. In doing so much to protect the value of the relevant agreement. In fact, the results of domestic processes themselves may cause un der IIA may further claims. By way of a literal and absolute investors obviously select the forum may be unfair. Therefore, the fork only under the terms of the international program at issue domestic proceedings, the parties agree that the situation fully, it seems to exclude the objectives of protection consistent with international investment agreements. Bilateral dispute settlement in India India has signed a 26-bit with the developed and developing countries in the world. These treaties in Indias economic growth has been very helpful. India has not yet signed the Convention ICSID, thus still holding the discretion of the dispute settlement provisions of the forum in its treaties. However, due to the ICSID Convention, a treaty was signed on the other hand, referring to ICSID arbitration are also given in many alternative treaty. However, at this point, it should be clear that India did not accept the advantages of ICSID arbitration treaty to overcome their debt provides mo re weight to an impromptu court. Most treaties famed similar manner requires a small change, as required by the terms of a party, but the basic feature of all the treaties consistent definition and content in respect of treaties. Also in accordance with the dispute resolution provisions of all treaties common mode. Dispute settlement has been divided into two items, namely: settlement of disputes between investors and the State party. dispute between the Parties. Initial efforts friendly consultations and negotiations, the first assertion failures, which can be hard to take up more than one program. Provisions to give some alternatives to resolve the dispute. Controversy (a) between investors and States Parties Investors are given an option to close the local court of the Parties, which may be Indian or foreign court, or investors may be close to the mediation of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law Mediation Rules (UNCITRAL). In addition, if the parties do not agree to any of the conciliation procedure, or in the case they fail, the parties may continue the proceedings. These programs can be started only in the ICSID ICSID Convention, as in one of the countries, and they all agreed. This provision seems to be of no use because India is not a party, the Convention ICSID, so this option can not be exercised. In addition, the two sides can to comply with the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules of the ad hoc tribunals. In a ddition, the structure and process of the court such articles are also described. Finally, the provisions of this decision have been considered final, unless the case is rejected, or one of the parties in the area, but failed to fulfill its obligations, to reject any form of appeal procedures. (B) the dispute between the Parties It refers to the possible interpretation of these treaties controversy. The explicit reference to the provisions of the dispute to the arbitration tribunal 3. Each member nominated by the parties and third nominate two members from third countries. He will be chairman of this arbitral tribunal. In this case the formation is impossible ICJ help find provisions. This courts decision, binding on both parties stand. Therefore, Indias bilateral do not give a complicated process, but given the alternatives to resolve the dispute, it is for the parties to choose a single meaningful conclusions. Conclusion Bilateral and multilateral investment t reaties have changed the way the global economy. Economic development of the border, resulting in a more or less removed to give members more areas to develop their potential. These treaties careful handling and investor protection are also concentrated in the amicable settlement of disputes. The developed countries of the world has gone through a common judicial proceedings under the ICSID Convention, due to disputes regarding these documents, to provide customers with the development of equal treatment. It helps a lot to protect investors and reduce the overall burden of dispute resolution at the same time. India is also moving in this development step, and has a good number of other countries in the treaty. One can argue that not signing ICSID Convention is a disadvantage in India, because most countries do not support a non-signatory, but at the same time, it is necessary to bear in mind that India is a developing country, a common dispute resolution Forum may not maintain th e perspective of the same thing, and the case decision. Thus, according to me is better, India retains its discretion in the choice of forum for dispute resolution. [1] Vandevelde J. Kenneth, Investment Liberalisation and Economic Development: The role of Bilateral Investment Treaties, Colombia Journal of Transnational Law, 1998, 507-514 [2] S. Jose Luis, Bilateral Treaties on the Reciprocal Protection of Foreign Investment, California Western International Law Journal, Spring 1994, p. 257 [3] Vandevelde J. Kenneth, The BIT Program: A Fifteen Year Appraisal, the Development, and Expansion of Bilateral Investment Treaties. American Society of International Law, 1992, p. 533 [4] Lauterpacht Elihu, International Law and Private Foreign Investment, Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, Spring 1997, p. 266 [5] United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, World Investment Report 2000 [6] United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Bilateral Investment Treaties 1959-1999 at iii, U.N. Doc. UNCTAD/1TE/IIA/2 [7] Kishoiyian Bernard, The Utility of Bilateral Investment Treaties in the Formulation of Customary Internat ional Law, Northwestern Journal of International Law and Business, Winter 1994, p. 350 [8] Ibid [9] Alex Genin, Eastern Credit Limited v. Republic of Estonia, ICSID Case No. ARB/99/2, Award, 25 June 2001 (United States/Estonia BIT);; CompaÃÆ'Â ±iÃÆ'Â ¡ de Aguas del Aconquija Compagnie GÃÆ'Â ©nÃÆ'Â ©rale des Eaux v. Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No. ARB/97/3, Award, 21 November 2000 (France/Argentina BIT); Annulment Tribunal: CompaÃÆ'Â ±iÃÆ'Â ¡ de Aguas del Aconquija Vivendi Universal (formerly Compagnie GÃÆ'Â ©nÃÆ'Â ©rale des Eaux) v. Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No. ARB/97/3, Decision on Annulment, 3 July 2002 (France/Argentina BIT); Salini Construtorri S.p.A. and Italstrade S.p.A. v. Morocco, ICSID Case No. ARB/00/4, Decision on Jurisdiction, 23 July 2001 (Italy/Morocco BIT) [10] Decision in the jurisdiction, April 22, 2005 (ICSID Case No.: ARB / 02/2). [11] Decision on jurisdiction, August 10, 2005 (ICSID Case No.: ARB / 03/8)

The Average Age Of Onset Of Generalized Anxiety Disorder

The average age of onset of generalized anxiety disorder is 31 years old. Generalized anxiety disorder affects about 6.8 million American adults. This disorder can develop at any point in the life cycle, but the highest risk is between childhood and middle age. Individuals who suffer from GAD can’t relax; they startle easily, and have difficulty concentrating. Often they have trouble falling asleep or staying asleep. Some physical symptoms include fatigue, headaches, muscle tension, muscle aches, difficulty swallowing, trembling, twitching, irritability, sweating, nausea, lightheadedness, having to go to the bathroom frequently, feeling out of breath, and hot flashes. Researchers have found that several parts of the brain are involved in fear and anxiety. Researchers are also looking for ways in which stress and environmental factors may play a role. GAD has many relations to associated problems from obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder Agoraphobia, post traumatic stress disorder, social anxiety disorder, specific phobias, depression, stress to suicide, and more. Freud distinguished that chronic anxiety was prevalent in the general population, and to this day, there is inadequate information about the natural history of this disorder. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is an effective treatment for many people, it helps them to identify, understand, and modify faulty thinking and behavior patterns. This enables people with GAD learn to control their worry. 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Wasteland to Wonderland free essay sample

A horizon line cut by the edges of red mountains, a clear expanse of sky that extended beyond the eye’s domain, a parched, dusty landscape dotted by sage and yucca plants, thriving in an oppressive heat – this vision has grown dear to me. This was not always so, however; when the move I had dreaded became reality and I was confronted with the lights of the Las Vegas Strip and an uncertain future in a wholly new setting, I promptly decided that I hated Las Vegas with a burning passion. No place, I thought sullenly to myself, could possibly be more different from Naperville. Ah, sweet Naperville, the best middle class suburb of Chicago! My place of origin! Home! No place could be better. And so I left my hometown completely prepared to despise my new location. For a while, I did. Stubborn though I was, however, I came to love what I had once perceived as a desert wasteland, not only for its sparsely beautiful landscape, but also for the friendships I built there. We will write a custom essay sample on Wasteland to Wonderland or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My family’s steadfast support eased the transition as well, and my parents encouraged me to be more outgoing. When we finally left Las Vegas in the summer of 2009, I knew I could count on their loyalty to ease my way back into Illinois society. My family was always there; they taught me to value hard work and determination, and to be flexible in difficult times. They bestowed me with an indomitable spirit.

The imagery that Soyinka Essay Example

The imagery that Soyinka Paper Using the poems Telephone Conversation By Wole Soyinka and Nothing Said by Brenda Agard explain how the poets convey and challenge the message in their poems. Also compare the similarities and differences. Both Telephone Conversation and Nothing Said can be recognised from the outset as poems reflecting the injustice bestowed upon black British citizens in the late 20th century. Each poem contains material for protest, and displays a point the narrator believes strongly in, due to their black origin, however, both poems reflect upon different experiences. Whilst Telephone Conversation exhibits the difficult situation in which many black men found themselves when seeking accommodation, Nothing Said talks of a tragic disaster that occurred in 1981, affecting the entire black community. Both poems deal with colour racism in a separate, yet effective, manner and are compelling in their own individual way. As the title suggests, Wole Soyinkas poem is a Telephone Conversation between a Black African man and a white landlady. The title clearly shows that the poem is about speech and communication, and, throughout, Soyinka demonstrates the frustration of the black man when seeking somewhere to live and facing racial abuse. This is a typical incident that confronted many black British citizens when seeking accommodation, and Soyinka obviously wants the reader to relate to this experience. The poem is presumably set in London, with the narrator pleading his case from within a red telephone box, feeling quite outraged at the unjust comments which face him. We will write a custom essay sample on The imagery that Soyinka specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The imagery that Soyinka specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The imagery that Soyinka specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The opening lines of the poem are direct and straightforward,The price seemed reasonable, location indifferent. The dismissive attitude in the opening lines is mirrored in the landladys character, showing ambiguity in Soyinkas writing. The landlady, much like the location, is indifferent and shows no compassion toward the African man. Sadness is experienced on behalf of the narrator, as he is treated dismissively by the landlady and is made to feel a sense of shame in his black African origins. He tells us Nothing remained but self confession, when in fact he should be allowed to celebrate he roots, not feel forced to confess to his origins. Repetition within the poem helps to reiterate points and place emphasis upon the awful situation that the narrator finds himself. Silence. Silence of pressurised good-breeding. The silence, which Soyinka emphasises at this point, is that of the landlady, as she coldly accepts the information that her proposed tenant is black. Her silence allows the reader to sympathise with the black narrators awkward situation, and creates a negative image of the landlady. Her pressurized good-breeding shows that she is struggling to be polite due to the pressure and shock upon hearing the African mans news. Madam I hate a wasted journey-I am African. The imagery that Soyinka uses to describe the landlady allows the reader to envisage her through the black mans mind. He describes her as Lipstick coated, long gold-rolled cigarette-holder pipped This shows that he imagines her to be upper class and glamorous: a stereotypical image, displaying prejudice. This is perhaps a point that Wole Soyinka is inadvertently trying to demonstrate within Telephone Conversation; that prejudice is becoming more predominant within modern society. Soyinka uses capital letters to emphasise the landladys questions, ARE YOU LIGHT? OR VERY DARK? and the use of ellipses helps heighten the feeling of disgust at the landladys rude and arrogant nature, by accentuating her pauses. The narrator is depicted as incredulous, and the comment I had not misheard reflects the readers own thoughts of astonishment at this appalling display of racism. The shock of the narrator is exhibited throughout the following sentences with Soyinka commenting on the surroundings, describing the buttons on the payphone as if contemplating ending the call. Button B. Button A. A clever play on words compares the conversation to the childhood game hide and seek, Stench of rancid breath of public hide-and-speak. Perhaps this reference to childhood refers to the immaturity and insensitivity of the landlady, which the black African would have hoped he would no longer encounter in adult life. The confused narrator observes his surrounding, with Wole Soyinka using repetition again to portray his bewilderment. Red booth. Red pillar-box. Red double-tiered omnibus squelching tar. Finally a realisation hits the black African, It was real! This short sharp sentence captures the narrators disbelief over the previous lines as he is hit with reality, causing the reader to pity the hopeless situation he is now left in. The narrator becomes aware of how rude he is being by leaving the landladys question unanswered, showing his good manners in comparison to her rudeness and ignorance. The landlady once again questions the black African, this time sarcastically described as considerate, whilst her racist and insensitive attitude remains the same.

Canterbury Tales; Analysis of the wife of bath and satire in her tale Essays

Canterbury Tales; Analysis of the wife of bath and satire in her tale Essays Canterbury Tales; Analysis of the wife of bath and satire in her tale Paper Canterbury Tales; Analysis of the wife of bath and satire in her tale Paper Essay Topic: The Canterbury Tales Canterbury Tales: Analysis of the Wife of Bath and Satire in her Tale Name: Institution: Lecturer: Course: Date: Canterbury Tales: Analysis of the Wife of Bath and Satire in her Tale The Canterbury tales are a collection of tales told by Geoffrey Chaucer. The Wife of Bath’s tale helped explain the duties of women in the middle ages. The wife of bath refers to herself as Alyson and Alys in the text. She bickers a lot, and confuses her names with those she uses while gossiping with other women. In the tale, a knight present in King Arthur’s court rapes a woman in a wheat field, a crime that attracts the death penalty. However, he is reprieved after the Queen and knight’s lovers intercede in the matter. The knight is handed over by the king to the Queen for judgment, she sends him on a mission to find out’what women really want than anything else’. She gives him exactly 366 dayscome up with a conclusive answer, if the knight does not have a fit enough answer for the Queen he risks his life. In his quest, he finds different answers from every woman he meets, some tell him that they like flattery and others prefer riches. During the entire year, he fails to find a conclusive answer and decides to risk his life and return to the Queen and inform her of his findings. However, on his journey back home he meets a very old woman he seeks aid from. She however issues him with a condition if she tells him the answer to his query, she asks him to grant her a request at any time she pleases, and they together head towards the palace after he agrees to her conditions. After arrival at the palace, the knight tells the queen that women seek sovereignty over their husbands, which is the answer that the queen was looking for. The old woman claims her request and asks the knight to marry her, which he adamantly protests. However, because they had agreed to such terms the knight is forced to marry her the following day. During their first night of marriage, the knight is discontented given her hideous apprearance old. She asks him to make a choice between her appearance and characterand being beautiful and promiscuous. He gives her the appropriate answer, she is impressed with his mastery, immediately changes, and becomes beautiful, and they live in marital bliss ever after. The tale clearly shows satire in that the knight had journeyed for over a year in pursuit of an answer as to what women want than anything else in life. He is lucky enough to find a woman with the right answer for his question as he heads back to the palace to meet his fate of death. The literature work is clearly satirical in that the knight was able to escape the consequences of a crime punishable by death by being given a task that many people would regard as simple. The knight is also witty enough to manage to give his new aged bride an answer that prompts her to change and become beautiful and fair. The text is also satirical enough in that the knight was heading back to the castle whereas he faced imminent death due to his crime instead of running away. Various themes also come into play in the text. The presence of crimes against women is not punished adequately, and this clearly shows that crimes against women are casually handled. Social prejudice against women is depicted in the works in that the old woman was living all by herself in the woods, and the young man thought of her as ‘very ugly and low born’, showing that people who are perceived as ugly are not given the chance to coexist with other people. Bath’s wife also depicts ant ifeminism, in that she remarries severally that their culture was based on antifeminist traditions. Morality also becomes an issue because Alison, Bath’s wife, claims that ‘For hadde God commanded maydenhede. Thanne hadde he dampened weddying with the dede’, meaning that had God found it necessary to condemn marriage and procreation he would have commanded virginity. She also says, â€Å"How pitously a-nyght I made hem swynke!† (Chaucer and Malcolmson, 1964) This clearly shows that she had disregard for sexual morality, and was very promiscuous to a point of noting such from the Bible. Her sexual immorality is also depicted by the fact that she has married several men, and does not seem to think that she will fully settle with one husband. Religion is another theme that comes into play in that Alison has the audacity to refer to the Bible with her promiscuity in mind as also shown in the words, †As help me God, I laughe when I thynke’’ (Chaucer and Malcolmson, 1964). This shows that she still had regard for the Christian religion. Female dominance is also a theme that was shown in the text through the words, â€Å"Unnethe myghte they the statut holde/in which that they were bounden unto me/ye woot wel what I meene of this, pardee/How pitously a-nyght I made hem swynke!† meaning that men must prove to Alison that they can satisfy her sexual appetite before they can have her as a wife (Chaucer and Malcolmson, 1964). Materialism is also a theme that is recurrent in the text in that Alison weighs love from men in economic terms. The use of words such as ‘dette’ meaning debt, ’paiement’ meaning payment show that she regards affection in monetary terms, thus she is very materialistic. Such terms may be used to conclude that she is a prostitute. In her statements, she seems to conclude that ‘love’ as an act that warrants ‘paiement’ in her own works (Chaucer and Malcolmson, 1964). Preferred behavior in marriage is also a theme that is brought forth in that she does not act as a real wife would. She says that she is used to telling lies to her former husbands and how they get drunk and saying some very insulting words. In conclusion, it would be easier to say that the Chaucer’s main purpose was to show what the role of a woman should be by giving the audience an example of the opposite of a good marriage. He also wanted to show the effects of infidelity in marriage, whereby it leads to separation and sexual immorality as individuals seek sexual gratification. References Chaucer, G. and Malcolmson, A. B. (1964). A taste of Chaucer: Selections from the Canterbury tales. New York: Harcourt, Brace World.

Going Full-time or Not

Going Full-time or Not Part of the reason so many people want to write full-time  is to escape the responsibilities of the day job, the commute, and all the baggage that comes with working for someone else. Truth is, writing full-time  is not all its cracked up to be. You experience the pressure of juggling when you have a day job and then attempt to write at night, during lunch, or on weekends. If you wrote full-time  life would be so much less stressful, or so you think. But writing full-time  means you also have to squeeze writing into your day, because once you become your own boss, you are faced with: 1) estimated taxes, more serious bookkeeping, and administrative duties consuming 10 to 20 percent of your day; 2) marketing, which consumes a minimum of 20 percent of your day; 3) researching business techniques, keeping up with the industry, learning how to publish differently, vetting publishers/agents/clients consuming 10 to 20 percent of your day if not more. Suddenly you realize most of your day is still committed to items you dont enjoy doing . . . just like when you worked the day job. As a full-time  writer, I cannot keep up with the changes in freelancing, blogging, podcasting, publishing, and marketing. As hard as I try, I end the day a little frustrated, feeling like I lag behind so many others. The truth is, you cannot learn it all nor do it all. You write what you like, and you publish the best you can. You market intelligently instead of just checking it off your to-do list. But you cannot be like all the other writers out there. They are also ignoring aspects of the profession, because they, too, cannot work everything into their day. You have to remember to keep this profession fun. When it ceases to be enjoyable, stop and rethink what you are doing. Better to work the full-time  day job and enjoy your writing at night than be dragged into a full-time  writing business and have it suck the life out of your joy.

Arguing for Offenders being Supported towards Higher Education Literature review

Arguing for Offenders being Supported towards Higher Education - Literature review Example Quite apart from the life enhancing benefits to prisoners themselves, who were able to gain insight into their own situation and formulate new and positive strategies for their future lives, there are obvious and positive impacts for society at large in opening up access to Higher Educations to prisoners. In general it is clear that the benefits of providing such access far outweighed the financial costs. What is less clear, is how best to deliver more access to higher education for the most excluded portion of citizens, namely those who are in the care of prisons and probation officers. Major shifts in criminal justice policies and in UK Higher Education. In the UK in recent years there have been some big ideological debates surrounding prisons, sentencing and the punishment and rehabilitation of offenders. At the same time there have been major changes in the UK Higher Education sector, with increasing privatisation of delivery and substantial fee increases. Vignoles and Crawford ( 2009, p. 49) point out that it has been difficult in the UK, even in the general population outside prisons, to widen access to access to Higher Education. Despite well-publicised efforts in the mid to late 1990s, to introduce policies to widen access, the gap in HE participation rates between higher and lower social classes actually widened. Adult learners, who are just one of several target groups in the widening access agenda, experience significant barriers to Higher Education entry which are only partially addressed by access courses and other outreach measures initiated by further and higher education institutions. The extent of the difference caused by socio- economic factors is still very large, and apparently growing: â€Å"Recent evidence from HEFCE (2005) indicates that the 20 per cent most disadvantaged students are around six times less likely to participate in higher education compared to the 20 per cent most advantaged pupils† (Vignoles and Crawford, 2009, p. 4 9). The introduction of very high fees in the mainstream higher education sector in the UK has caused a marked commercialisation of the whole student experience. There is a system in place which requires universities to make â€Å"Access Agreements† which in theory guarantee that special provision is made for students who have difficulty in meeting the high cost of fees. It has been noted already that the democratisation of higher education through these new measures has been only a partial success, with new universities in particular exceeding their targets in widening participation, while at the same time there appears to be a worrying entrenchment of top fifth, redbrick and elite institutions which perform below their expected benchmark (David, 2009, p. 46). There is a danger that these measures will increase access to the lower portion of Higher Education, such as foundation degrees and some BA and BSc programmes in some institutions, while actually increasing the exclusi vity of popular courses in well-regarded universities. There is, of course, a tension between these financially driven reforms, and the objective of widening participation. Hartley sums up the main direction of the reforms of the early 1990s in Ritzer’s (1993) somewhat provocative term â€Å"McDonaldization† which postulates four key dimensions â€Å"efficiency, calculability, predictability and control† in post-modern organisations (Hartley, 1995, p. 409). This