The Verificationist And Falsificationist Challenge Of...

the verificationist/falsificationist challenge to religious beliefs Religious language describes a way in which much of the writings, particularly that of the Christian Bible use a particular way or mode of language in order to present a message, teach certain doctrines, but most importantly for the prospective believer, and most troublesome for the philosopher or the scientist, metaphysical assertions. That is, claims about the truthful nature of reality. A problem, as it has been and continues to be, because religious beliefs are often presented with the challenge of meaning. The discussion has lead to four easily distinguishable positions over the spectrum from hardline verificationism to the more popular falsificationist series of†¦show more content†¦Rudolf Carnap and A.J. Ayer were the key proponents of this position, but were swiftly rejected by Alonzo Church and Richard Swinburne, who contested that with this standard for truth, no metaphysical statement could ever be probed true or false empirically religious or not, and that even i f a theory about reality is verifiable based on prior observations and validations, empirical evidence does only to reaffirm a belief about reality based on a structure of propositions verified in the same way - in this way, they can never be conclusively verifiable. Swinburne’s excellent criticism, that a statement only has to be intelligible to be meaningful, even if it is untrue. If someone intends to communicate something to another, the prime directive of language, as long as they agree upon the meanings of the terms and the context in which they are given structure, the statement is coherent and thereby has evoked meaning in that it can be responded to. As such, the verification-able requirement for meaningful statements has been abandoned. With a remaining desire for discrediting the meaningfulness of religious language, the falsificationist requirement came about, and is still held by many current thinkers. There is however some diversity amongst opinion which often gets separated into the equivocal, univocal and analogous ways in which Gods proposed attributes are interpreted. All of the solutions mentioned here, deal with a comparative descriptions of men and

The Battle For Women s Rights - 1926 Words

The battle for women’s rights has waged for a long time and continues even to this day. Although we have made significant progress in the advancement of women’s rights including being able to vote and work to support themselves, it was not always like this, and the farther back we go in history the more and more women were oppressed. In the old days it was quite uncommon for women to be anything other than a wife or nun. This is shown quite clearly in both Memoir of a Basque Lieutenant Nun: Transvestite in the New World and Candide. While not the main topic of either book, the authors offer insight on what life was like as a woman in Spain and France, respectively. Both authors disagree with women’s place in society and subtly criticize it throughout the text. In Memoir of a Basque Lieutenant Nun: Transvestite in the New World, Catalina De Erauso is born a woman and seems headed for the life of a nun living in a convent, however, she disagrees with this lifestyle and instead opts to cross dress, which is illegal at the time, and conceal her identity for most of her life to live as a man. In Candide, Voltaire writes about women getting raped, used as sex slaves, and having to try and marry into wealth to ensure a good life for themselves as they have little to no other options. Although set about a century apart, these two texts do not suggest a change in women’s status or role in society over time, in fact, they offer similar, but different, analysis on women’s rolesShow MoreRelatedThe Battle For Women s Equal Rights1040 Words   |  5 PagesBill of Rights were even completely formed, women were wanting the same rights as men. John Adams wife, Abigail, told him that she wanted womens rights in the amendments (Carr, 2015). 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The initially documented example in American history whereRead MoreThe On The Battlefield Of Equality1625 Words   |  7 Pagesliterature, music, and patriotism. Women in the 1920s overcame the battle of obtaining suffrage and the advancement of birth control; these challenges led to an embracing of new ideas in fashion, sexuality, and equality. To begin, suffrage for women in America began in the mid 1800s and ended in 1920, when women in America were finally granted with this well-deserved right to vote. In America, suffrage began in the western state of Wyoming in 1869, where women had a slightly more equal role in theRead MoreThe Color Purple By Alice Walker1276 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Alice Walker s The Color Purple, an epistolary novel won The Pulitzer Prize and The American Award in 1983. The novel delineates the dreary condition of dark ladies in South Africa between the mid 1900 s and mid 1940 s through Celie, the hero of the novel and how she got freed through dark sisterhood . The focal variable behind Celie s freedom was the force of female holding or sisterhood. Woman s rights speaks to the imperative social, monetary, and stylishRead MoreThe Contributions Of Women In The American Civil War .1576 Words   |  7 PagesThe Contributions of Women in the American Civil War The Civil War was a divisive time in American history that tore the country in half for five long years (1861-1865). After the election of Abraham Lincoln, the southern states seceded from the north and formed the Confederate States of America because they saw their way of life being threatened. They wanted to fight for their right to have slaves and for states to have more power. The North (Union) fought because secession wasn t an option andRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women881 Words   |  4 PagesTwenty –first century ladies are discovering it a daunting task to keep up both sexual orientation parts as an aftereffect of the women s activist development. They are presently assuming liability for both the supplier and the nurturer, battling like never before to acquire and keep a superior personal satisfaction. Woman s rights has supported in equivalent vocation opportunity, battling to get ladies acknowledged into the employment advertise, and what initially began as ladies strengtheningRead MoreThe Death Of The United States933 Words   |  4 Pageshungry. When news of the prison conditions and hunger strikes became publicized, Americans began demanding the release of these women. This sympathy for the imprisoned women brought an enormous amount of support to the cause of women’s suffrage. After their release, the suffragist used their experience and newly gained support to push forward in their endeavors to earn the right to vote. In 1917, in response to public outcry about the prison abuse of suffragists, President Wilson reversed his positionRead MoreEach Event I Choose In The Timeline Was Accordingly Chosen1326 Words   |  6 Pagesit s kind of hard to forget the Somme. I found this one wrapped around in my mind so tightly. The Somme was essentially a bloodbath war in world war 1. I find this one extremely significant as though many tried and failed and it was just a stalemate of blood Canadians came in and gained some land it was not enough to be as a victory but it was a very gruesome battle, all I could ever think about it was the amount of blood spiralling around everywhere during the battle. I feel like this battle wasRead MoreEssay on The Civil War: A Women’s Time to Shine1334 Words   |  6 PagesCitizen: a person with the rights and privilege to cast a vote for what or who he believes in. The key word here is â€Å"he†. The Civil War brought freedom and rights to African Americans, yet it had no directly positive effect on women’s rights. While African Americans were seeing their lives and futures change, to many observers the women’s rights movement seemed barely impacted by the astounding transformations of the Civil War. This idea is not completely accurate. Women did not accomplish much onRead MoreThe Struggle For Women s Rights850 Words   |  4 PagesWomen Suffrage Throughout history, battles and wars have been fought to gain some type of rights or freedoms. In 1775, the American Revolutionary War was fought for independence; In 1865, the American Civil War was fought to end slavery. Although no wars were fought, many battles were waged for women s rights. 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Doryphorus Of Polyclitus Essay Research Paper FA free essay sample

Doryphorus Of Polyclitus Essay, Research Paper FA 48 ART OF THE WESTERN WORLD ESSAY QUESTIONS 1 THROUGH 4Michael J. Wiggin 6/8/98Program One: Classical IDEALQuestion figure oneArchaic illustration: KOUROS c. 540 BC ( page 12 of text ) Classical illustration: THE DORYPHORUS OF POLYCLITUS c. 440 BC ( page 13 of text ) The antediluvian piece is stiff, formal and yet, faintly smiling, giving the spectator a sense of joy in life and of victory. These were modeled after Egyptian sculptures and followed an established canon. One pes in forepart of the other, weaponries at the sides, caput vertical and confronting frontward, the wide square shoulders, and in the stiffly symmetrical organisation. The piece represents sculpture based on standard cognition instead than an intense ocular analysis. The piece has the visual aspect of being a representation of a generic young person instead than stand foring a peculiar individual. The name of the creative person is non known. The classical piece shows that the creative person was now more conce rned with the ocular representation of the natural male signifier. We will write a custom essay sample on Doryphorus Of Polyclitus Essay Research Paper FA or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Though still commemorating, as the kouroi had been, the sculptures reflected persons. Although they were less generalized, they were still controlled by an established canon of geometric order. The weight is shifted to one leg. The figure turns, caput jousts to one side, the weaponries are held off from the organic structure, and the symmetricalness of the antediluvian period is all but gone. The face is an look of badness, melancholy, and thought. The name of the creative person is known.Question figure two The construct and usage of the arch was non new to the Romans. Concrete was non new to the Romans. It was the Romans that put the two edifice stuffs together. Identify to this brotherhood was the find of adding of a volcanic sand called Potsolla ( ? ) . The add-on of this sand to the composing of the concrete slowed the hardening. The advantages of the slower drying mixture are increased strength, and the ability to formed into forms. Leting the builder to blend the full constru ction from underside to exceed. With this new and radical edifice stuff, the Romans were able to integrate the arch in ways that transformed the edifice of big constructions. This was to go known as domed architecture. The arch can back up more weight and span greater infinite than the Grecian station and lentil. With formed concrete the Romans could build, utilizing the basic arch, constructions such as barrel vaults, inguen vaults, and domes. Uniting these building techniques the consequence were the big structures we know today. The Pantheon? s topographic point in the history of Roman architecture is that it is the clearest statement of the rules through which Roman architecture enclosed infinite and created its ain interior existence. It was the largest vaulted construction for about 18 centuries. Dimensionally its tallness and diameter are equal at 142 ft. which implies that the infinite created is enveloping a domain. The accent was on the interior infinite of the edifice alt ernatively of the exterior signifier. It? s design can still be seen today. Take a trip to the Vanderbilt Museum and analyze the exterior construction of the Planetarium. Program two: THE WHITE GARMENT OF CHURCHESQuestion figure three The two cardinal grounds are pilgrims journey and monasticism.During the eleventh and 12th centuries the cult of saints came to be an of import religious force in western Europe. These resulted in 100s of 1000s of people doing pilgrims journeies to holy rel igious shrines. These churches were constructed to not only house the shrine, but also to accommodate the large number people that would visit. The more cherished the relic enclosed in these shrines the more people that would visit and make monetary donations. The monastic movement spurred the growth of large monasteries. These structures were the key to the self-contained, self-sufficient communities that cut themselves off from the outside world. The most successful of these monastic orders would receive large donations of land and money from the more affluent citizens as a way to guaranteed salvation.Question number four For the Romanesque churches the answer is yes. Builders of the Romanesque churches were faced with three major problems: obtaining adequate space and circulation; building solid, fireproof structures; and admitting the light of day to the interiors. The Romanesque style of construction satisfies these requirements. With their high vaulted ceilings and vast inter ior space they could accommodate the large crowds that would converge on the church. The vaulted construction allowed the use of fireproof stone enclosures instead of the roof made of timber. The high walls were broken up into galleries to handle the overflow of people and into windows. The primary function was to facilitate the viewing of holy relics. A classic example of the arrangement of the interior space is ST. SERNIN, Toulouse. The congregation enters though a porch at the open end of the vault. They are guided along a sacred way of arches, the nave, that leads to a distant and luminous choir and high alter where the holy relic is housed. To manage the traffic of the hundreds of noisy pilgrims, an ambulatory was formed around the high alter. The vaulted design also offers very good acoustics. Even the sculptures that adorn the exterior of the structure serve a purpose. The general population was still very illiterate and by using sculpture the church was able to convey its me ssage. For example the LAST JUDGEMENT at Saint-Lazare Cathedral. For the Gothic style the answer is also yes. By the end of the twelfth century Europe?s population had almost tripled. The church had moved from a destination for a pilgrimage to a focus of civic pride. The rituals of peoples lives now were focused in the church. In order to accommodate the larger congregations the churches had to built even larger than the Romanesque buildings. With the incorporation of the flying buttress, the buildings could now be wider and taller. With their slender support columns, divisions are played down. With their pointed arches and ribbed vaults, open space is even more pronounced. This new style allowed the thick heavy walls of the Romanesque church to be replaced with walls of beautifully decorated stained glass windows. A splendid example is the CHARTRES CATHEDRAL. The visionary for this dramatic change is Abbot Suger. He believed that the light now becomes a divine light, a revelation o f the spirit. The light creates a strange region, suspended between earth and the heavenly universe. The sculpture of the Gothic churches also usher in a new relationship between sculpture and architecture. The images, like the ones found at the west portal of the CHARTRES CATHEDRAL, although dictated by the architecture, are no longer remote. They now appear very human and convey the promise of salvation which is the embodiment of the twelfth century?s humanism.

Mimesis Plato and Aristotle Essay Example

Mimesis: Plato and Aristotle Essay The term ‘mimesis’ is loosely defined as ‘imitation’, and although an extensive paper could be written about the cogency of such a narrow definition, I will instead focus on Plato and Aristotle’s contrasting judgements of mimesis (imitation). I will spend one section discussing Plato’s ideas on mimesis and how they relate to his philosophy of reality and the forms. I will then spend a section examining Aristotle’s differing views on mimesis and how it relates to catharsis. During this deliberation I will prove that as with much of their philosophies, Plato and Aristotle disagree on the concept of mimesis. Plato saw mimesis as deceitful and dangerous; Aristotle saw it as cleansing and educational. In book X of The Republic, Plato uses Socrates and Glaucon as artifacts for contemplating the idea of mimesis. In the dialogue, Plato makes it apparent right from the beginning that he has negative predispositions on imitative poetry. Plato writes: â€Å" poetry not admitting at all any part of it that is imitative. For that the imitative must not be admitted looks even more manifest now that the soul’s forms have each been separated out All such things seem to maim the thought of those who hear them and do not as a remedy have the knowledge of how they really are. † This seems to suggest that under Plato’s perfect society, imitative poetry should not be allowed because it is tricking people into believing that these imitations are distracting people from the real truth, the truth that lies in the forms. We will write a custom essay sample on Mimesis: Plato and Aristotle specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mimesis: Plato and Aristotle specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mimesis: Plato and Aristotle specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Plato places the forms at the highest level of his schema of reality and imitations (certain poetry and other artwork) at the bottom. He places human representations of the forms – such as the â€Å"couchmaker’s† fabrication of a couch – somewhere between the forms and imitative art forms. This couch is loosely based on the form of couch and according to Plato is more permissible than imitative art forms. Although the â€Å"couchmaker’s† fabrication of a couch is more truthful than a painter’s representation of the same couch, Plato still condemns it for being deceitful: â€Å" o that they look like they are; however, they surely are not the truth. † Plato feels that because of the rising popularity of imitative art forms within the city, and the skilful representations of craftsmen, people will be misled by the metaphorical mirror that reflects what is real. By deceiving people like this, Plato believes that this imitative poet ry will corrupt the souls of people and therefore should be banned from the city. Along with holding far less truth than the forms, imitative artwork also has negative moral and psychological implications, according to Plato. To accentuate this, Plato divides the soul into three different areas of importance. The base level – in which he calls ‘the appetite’ of the soul and allocates the least amount of importance to – is driven by urges and sins and is easy to deceive and manipulate. The second level, the will, is the power to control one’s own actions, but can also be influenced. The first and most important level is the intellect or reason; this level drives the other two parts of the soul and, when exercised and mastered, can distinguish truth from imitation. Plato claims that imitative art forms seem to target the base level (appetite) of the soul because it is the easiest to deceive and people give in to a sensationalist imitation rather than the truth. â€Å"The imitative poet produces a bad regime in the soul of each private man by making phantoms that are far removed from the truth and by gratifying the soul’s foolish part † Mimesis weakens the first and second levels of the soul by appealing to the base level’s pleasure-seeking ways. According to Plato, imitative art forms are representations of the forms; mere renderings of the truth. Imitative art forms deceive people into believing things that are not the truth. Imitative art forms harm the part of the soul that distinguishes truth from imitation. To harm this part of the soul is to harm truth and reason. The city is just and follows laws that reflect the truth. Therefore, imitative art forms such as most poetry should be banned from the city. * Plato says X, Aristotle says Y, Plato points to the heavens (forms, universals), Aristotle points to the ground (physical objects, particulars) [Raphael’s School of Athens]. Both philosophers disagreed often and it is no surprise that Aristotle’s thoughts on mimesis are an implicit repudiation of Plato’s thoughts on mimesis. In Aristotle’s Poetics he splits mimesis into three varieties: the media, the objects and the mode of mimesis. He does this to help build upon his argument that art and mimesis have importance to a society and actually have striking similarities to philosophy. The media of mimesis is explained as the dissimilarities in â€Å"rhythm, speech, and harmony† that authors and poets can use to get their respective messages across. Aristotle points out that many people – scientists and poets – who write in verse, can be called makers of mimesis and that each â€Å"maker† uses a different media of mimesis. â€Å" they think no doubt, that ‘makers’ is applied to poets not because they make mimesis, but as a general term meaning ‘verse-makers’, since they call ‘poets’ or ‘makers’ even those who publish a medical or scientific theory in verse. † Here Aristotle is attempting associate mimesis to more than the arts by referring to mimesis not simply as imitation, but as similar to making. He is placing a high importance on ‘verse-making’ by showing that a particular rhythm and speech pattern is the only difference between artists and scientists in regard to the way they present their respective works. The objects of mimesis, Aristotle claims â€Å"are people doing things, and these people must necessarily be either good or bad. † Aristotle goes on to say that within representations, people can be portrayed as good or bad (‘better’ or ‘worse’) by artists and we will be able to distinguish this property of goodness or badness through use of mediums such as tragedy and comedy. The mode of mimesis is a way of representing objects in the same media to which Aristotle believes can be done in three ways: â€Å" in narration and sometimes becoming someone else; or speaking in one’s own person without change, or with all the people engaged in the mimesis actually doing things. † These are simply parts of speech an author might use to get her message across about the object, showing it to be good or bad. Aristotle then begins to examine what he believes are the overall causes of poetry. Aristotle states that mimesis is innate in people, when we are born we mimic things and we learn through this mimicry. We understand things we wouldn’t otherwise enjoy seeing in person (re: example of the corpse). The picture of the corpse will â€Å"not produce its pleasure qua instance of mimesis, but because of its technical finish or colour or for some other such reason. † This is to say that we can appreciate the picture of the corpse not due to the fact that it is a corpse (we know it is not a real corpse) but because of the artistic style and or talent of the artist. Aristotle then lays out the foundation for a good tragedy that is to say a tragedy that emits emotion to the people watching or reading it. By invoking emotions through tragedy, people can learn something about themselves and their family and perhaps something even deeper. Aristotle claims that a good tragedy will produce catharsis onto the people watching it. Catharsis is a bi-divisional schema according to Aristotle; it can cleanse people of negative emotions through fear and sadness (dispelling your own fear by watching something scary), or educate or clarify something that one may be struggling with (showing us that road rage can lead to general rage). According to Aristotle, mimesis is innate in human nature and provides us with learning methods. Through tragedies, comedies, poetry and other imitative art forms, we can learn much about ourselves and the world. Learning and education are important to a society and help the development of young minds. Therefore mimesis is good and should be kept in society. * As with much of their respective philosophies, Plato and Aristotle disagree upon the notion of mimesis in their aesthetic approaches. Plato viewed mimesis as harmful to the best parts of the soul, and thought it tricked people into believing more fantastical things and ignoring the truth. Aristotle believed that mimesis – and the catharsis it created – fostered growth and prosperity. Works Cited Cooper E. David [Ed. ]. Aesthetics: The Classic Readings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 1997. Print. Plato, The Republic, Book 10, pp 11-28, Aristotle, Poetics, pp 29-44. [ 1 ]. Cooper E. David [Ed. ]. Aesthetics: The Classic Readings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 1997. *Plato. [ 2 ]. Ibid [ 3 ]. Ibid [ 4 ]. Cooper E. David [Ed. ]. Aesthetics: The Classic Readings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 1997. *Aristotle. [ 5 ]. Ibid [ 6 ]. Ibid [ 7 ]. Ibid [ 8 ]. Ibid

A Definition of Meristematic Tissue in Plant Biology

A Definition of Meristematic Tissue in Plant Biology In plant biology, the term meristematic tissue refers to the living tissues containing undifferentiated cells that are the building blocks of all specialized plant structures. The zone where these cells exist is known as the meristem. This zone contains the cells that actively divide and create specialized structures such as the cambium layer, the buds of leaves and flowers, and the tips of roots and shoots. In essence, the cells within the meristematic tissues are what allow a plant to increase its length and girth.   Meaning of the Term The term  meristem  was coined in  1858 by  Karl Wilhelm von Ngeli  (1817 to 1891) in a book called Contributions to Scientific Botany. The term is adapted from the Greek word  merizein, meaning to divide, a reference to the function of the cells in the meristematic tissue. Characteristics of Meristematic Plant Tissue The cells within the meristem have some unique characteristics: Cells within the meristematic tissues are self-renewing, so that each time they divide, one cell remains identical to the parent while the other can specialize and become part of another plant structure. The meristematic tissue is therefore self-sustaining.  While other plant tissues can be made of both living and dead cells, the meristematic cells are all living and contain a large ratio of dense liquid.When a plant is injured, it is the undifferentiated meristematic cells that are responsible for healing the wounds through the process of becoming specialized.   Types of Meristematic Tissue There are three types of meristematic tissues, categorized according to where they appear in the plant:  apical  (at the tips),  intercalary  (at the middle), and  lateral  (at the sides). The apical meristematic tissues are also known as primary meristematic tissues, because these are what form the main body of the plant, allowing for vertical growth of stems, shoots, and roots.  The primary meristem is what sends a plants shoots reaching for the sky and the roots burrowing into the soil.   Lateral meristems are known as secondary meristematic tissues because they are what is responsible for an increase in girth. The secondary meristematic tissue is what increases the diameter of tree trunks and branches, as well as the tissue that forms bark.   Intercalary meristems occur only in plants that are monocots, a group that includes the grasses and bamboos. Intercalary tissues located at the nodes of these plants allow the stems to regrow. It is intercalary tissue that causes grass leaves to grow back so quickly after being mowed or grazed.  Ã‚   Meristematic Tissue and Galls Galls are abnormal growths occurring on the leaves, twigs, or branches of trees and other plants. They usually occur when any one of about 1500 species of insects and mites interact with meristematic tissues.   Gall-making insects oviposit (lay their eggs) or  feed on the meristematic tissues of  host plants at critical moments.  A gall-making wasp, for example, may lay eggs in plant tissues just as leaves are opening or shoots are lengthening. By interacting with the plants meristematic tissue, the insect takes advantage of a period of active cell division to initiate the formation of a gall. The walls of the gall structure are very strong, providing protection for the larvae feeding on plant tissues within. Galls can also be caused by bacteria or viruses infecting the meristematic tissues.  Galls may be unsightly, even disfiguring, on stems and leaves of plants, but they rarely kill the plant.

Accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 6

Accounting - Assignment Example b) If we were to compare the 2013 Income Statement with the 2013 Statement, we would find that Helen Harris Handbags had a decline in profitability of  £69127. Various reasons can be outlined for this decline in profits. Some reasons can be identified through an Income Statement others may be issues affecting the business such as increase in competition, recession in the markets etc. However, looking at the Income statement alone, we can see a sharp increase in Marketing Expenses of the year 2013, as well as a slight fall in Total Sales. Other expenses have increased as well, but marginally. As total sales have fallen, inventory has gone up. The fall total Sales might be matter of concern for the business, especially since Marketing Expenses have increased. a) The Balance Sheet of a business is used to show the â€Å"net worth† of a company at a given point of time. (e-conomic(UK), 2014). It is particularly useful in monitoring the health of the company that is what the business owes and what it is owed. The Assets and Liabilities are the two main sections in a Balance Sheet and are always equal. The Balance Sheet is divided into two parts as mentioned above, and into various sub parts which include Fixed Assets, Working Capital, Current Assets, Equity or Shareholders Stake (which includes any profit/loss and drawings) b) In the case of Helen Harris Handbags, Inventory has increased, that has been the result of fall in Sales (discussed earlier). However, a matter of concern is a huge increase in Bank Overdrafts from 2012, in 2013. This tells us that business has increased its debts considerably since last year. There is an increase in the Debtors as well. a) The purpose of the Cash Flow Statement is to evaluate the cash inflows and outflows of a business during a financial period. (e-conomic(UK), 2014). The main avenues of Cash Inflows and Outflows can be described in

Terrorist Finance Tracking Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Terrorist Finance Tracking Program - Essay Example According to  Terrorist Finance Tracking Program: Fact Sheet  (2006),   The United States â€Å"Treasury department is uniquely positioned to track terrorist money flows and assist in the broader US Government effects to uncover terrorist cells and map terrorist networks here at home and around the world† (PP. 4). In order to ensure the success of this program utilizes SWIFT. According to  Legal Authorities Underlying the Terrorist Finance Tracking Program  (n.d. ). â€Å"SWIFT-a Belgium-based company with U.S. offices that operates a worldwide messaging system used to transmit bank transaction information- seeking information on suspected international terrorists† (PP. 6).The United States government uses subpoenas in order to view this information. Based upon the terms of the subpoenas the United States government is allowed to view this information only in regards to suspected terrorist investigations. The information obtained by SWIFT is legally obtained in accordance with The International Emergency Economic Powers Act. The International Emergency Economic Powers Act was established in 1977. The President only during a time of national emergency may put forth this act in order to investigate financial transfers by means of banks and other relevant financial transactions in reg ards to a foreign individual suspected of being associated or being a terrorist. In regards to the September 11th 2001 terrorist attacks former United States president George W. Bush issued executive order 13224 declaring an international emergency as future terrorist attacks were suspected. Subpoenas issued are in compliance with the United States Constitution’s fourth amendment as investigations of potential terrorists and relevant documents to terrorism are obtainable through subpoenas issued by Congress. In addition neither The Foreign Intelligence